The ANSI FORTRAN 77 language defines generic and specific intrinsics. In short, the distinctions are:
The GNU Fortran language generalizes these concepts somewhat,
especially by providing intrinsic subroutines and generic
intrinsics that are treated as either a specific intrinsic subroutine
or a specific intrinsic function (e.g. SECOND).
However, GNU Fortran avoids generalizing this concept to the point where existing code would be accepted as meaning something possibly different than what was intended.
For example, ABS is a generic intrinsic, so all working
code written using ABS of an INTEGER argument
expects an INTEGER return value.
Similarly, all such code expects that ABS of an INTEGER*2
argument returns an INTEGER*2 return value.
Yet, IABS is a specific intrinsic that accepts only
an INTEGER(KIND=1) argument.
Code that passes something other than an INTEGER(KIND=1)
argument to IABS is not valid GNU Fortran code, because
it is not clear what the author intended.
For example, if `J' is INTEGER(KIND=6), `IABS(J)'
is not defined by the GNU Fortran language, because the programmer
might have used that construct to mean any of the following, subtly
different, things:
INTEGER(KIND=1) first
(as if `IABS(INT(J))' had been written).
INTEGER(KIND=1)
(as if `INT(ABS(J))' had been written).
The distinctions matter especially when types and values wider than
INTEGER(KIND=1) (such as INTEGER(KIND=2)), or when
operations performing more "arithmetic" than absolute-value, are involved.
The following sample program is not a valid GNU Fortran program, but might be accepted by other compilers. If so, the output is likely to be revealing in terms of how a given compiler treats intrinsics (that normally are specific) when they are given arguments that do not conform to their stated requirements:
PROGRAM JCB002
C Version 1:
C Modified 1997-05-21 (Burley) to accommodate compilers that implement
C INT(I1-I2) as INT(I1)-INT(I2) given INTEGER*2 I1,I2.
C
C Version 0:
C Written by James Craig Burley 1997-02-20.
C Contact via Internet email: burley@gnu.org
C
C Purpose:
C Determine how compilers handle non-standard IDIM
C on INTEGER*2 operands, which presumably can be
C extrapolated into understanding how the compiler
C generally treats specific intrinsics that are passed
C arguments not of the correct types.
C
C If your compiler implements INTEGER*2 and INTEGER
C as the same type, change all INTEGER*2 below to
C INTEGER*1.
C
INTEGER*2 I0, I4
INTEGER I1, I2, I3
INTEGER*2 ISMALL, ILARGE
INTEGER*2 ITOOLG, ITWO
INTEGER*2 ITMP
LOGICAL L2, L3, L4
C
C Find smallest INTEGER*2 number.
C
ISMALL=0
10 I0 = ISMALL-1
IF ((I0 .GE. ISMALL) .OR. (I0+1 .NE. ISMALL)) GOTO 20
ISMALL = I0
GOTO 10
20 CONTINUE
C
C Find largest INTEGER*2 number.
C
ILARGE=0
30 I0 = ILARGE+1
IF ((I0 .LE. ILARGE) .OR. (I0-1 .NE. ILARGE)) GOTO 40
ILARGE = I0
GOTO 30
40 CONTINUE
C
C Multiplying by two adds stress to the situation.
C
ITWO = 2
C
C Need a number that, added to -2, is too wide to fit in I*2.
C
ITOOLG = ISMALL
C
C Use IDIM the straightforward way.
C
I1 = IDIM (ILARGE, ISMALL) * ITWO + ITOOLG
C
C Calculate result for first interpretation.
C
I2 = (INT (ILARGE) - INT (ISMALL)) * ITWO + ITOOLG
C
C Calculate result for second interpretation.
C
ITMP = ILARGE - ISMALL
I3 = (INT (ITMP)) * ITWO + ITOOLG
C
C Calculate result for third interpretation.
C
I4 = (ILARGE - ISMALL) * ITWO + ITOOLG
C
C Print results.
C
PRINT *, 'ILARGE=', ILARGE
PRINT *, 'ITWO=', ITWO
PRINT *, 'ITOOLG=', ITOOLG
PRINT *, 'ISMALL=', ISMALL
PRINT *, 'I1=', I1
PRINT *, 'I2=', I2
PRINT *, 'I3=', I3
PRINT *, 'I4=', I4
PRINT *
L2 = (I1 .EQ. I2)
L3 = (I1 .EQ. I3)
L4 = (I1 .EQ. I4)
IF (L2 .AND. .NOT.L3 .AND. .NOT.L4) THEN
PRINT *, 'Interp 1: IDIM(I*2,I*2) => IDIM(INT(I*2),INT(I*2))'
STOP
END IF
IF (L3 .AND. .NOT.L2 .AND. .NOT.L4) THEN
PRINT *, 'Interp 2: IDIM(I*2,I*2) => INT(DIM(I*2,I*2))'
STOP
END IF
IF (L4 .AND. .NOT.L2 .AND. .NOT.L3) THEN
PRINT *, 'Interp 3: IDIM(I*2,I*2) => DIM(I*2,I*2)'
STOP
END IF
PRINT *, 'Results need careful analysis.'
END
No future version of the GNU Fortran language
will likely permit specific intrinsic invocations with wrong-typed
arguments (such as IDIM in the above example), since
it has been determined that disagreements exist among
many production compilers on the interpretation of
such invocations.
These disagreements strongly suggest that Fortran programmers,
and certainly existing Fortran programs, disagree about the
meaning of such invocations.
The first version of `JCB002' didn't accommodate some compilers'
treatment of `INT(I1-I2)' where `I1' and `I2' are
INTEGER*2.
In such a case, these compilers apparently convert both
operands to INTEGER*4 and then do an INTEGER*4 subtraction,
instead of doing an INTEGER*2 subtraction on the
original values in `I1' and `I2'.
However, the results of the careful analyses done on the outputs of programs compiled by these various compilers show that they all implement either `Interp 1' or `Interp 2' above.
Specifically, it is believed that the new version of `JCB002' above will confirm that:
f77 compilers all implement `Interp 1'.
f77 compiler implements `Interp 2'.
f77 compilers all implement `Interp 3'.
If you get different results than the above for the stated compilers, or have results for other compilers that might be worth adding to the above list, please let us know the details (compiler product, version, machine, results, and so on).
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